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- Ch.1 History, Theory, and Research Strategies
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developmental science
field of study devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan
lifespan perspective
development is lifelong, multidimensional and multi-directional, highly plastic, and effected by many interacting forces
G. Stanley Hall
founder of child study movement, believed dev. was maturational process(genetically unfolds like flower), and used normative approach
normative approach
measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related avg.are computed to represent typical development (used questionnaires, observation, parent interviews)
psychoanalytic perspective
how we resolve conflicts b/w biological drives + social expectations determines person's ability to learn, get along w/others, and cope w/anxiety
psychosexual theory
Freud emphasizes how parents manage their child's sexual + aggressive drives in 1st few years crucial for healthy personality development (psychsexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
psychosocial theory
Erikson based his theory off Freud's psychosexual theory- added that ego makes positive contribution to dev./acquiring attitudes/skills at each stage that make ind. active member of society
behaviorism
directly observable events focus of study (stimuli/responses)
John Watson
applied classical conditioning to children's behavior (can mold behavior by controlling stimulus-response associations)
B.F. Skinner
believed in operant conditioning theory (frequency of behavior can be increased by following it) w/reinforcers and decresd w/punishment
social learning theory
stresses the importance of cognition and emphasizes modeling, imitation, observational learning devised by Bandura
behavior modication
consists of procedures that combine conditioning + modeling to eliminate bad behavior/ increase good response
cognitive-developmental theory
Piaget believes children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate/explore their world (adaptation central/ conducts clinical interviews)
information processing
human mind viewed as symbol-manipulating system which information flows (uses flowcharts to map how individuals solve problems/complete tasks)
developmental cognitive neuroscience
interdisciplinary study- research relationship b/w change in brain and developing person's cognitive processing/behavior patterns
sensitive period
optimal time for certain capacities to emerge + ind. responsive to environmental influences
evolutionary developmental psychology
seeks to understand adaptive value of species-wide cog., emotional, and social competencies as change w/age
sociocultural theory
focus on culture transmission and importance of social interaction in acquiring ways of thinking/behaving of that culture
ecological systems theory
people develop within complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding environment (Bronfenner characterize as bioecological model(chronosystem): micro, meso, exo,macro)
naturalistic observation
observation in natural environment; type of systematic observation
structured observation
observation in lab where all participants have same conditions; type of systematic observation