All terms in this list:
zygote: diploid cell formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg
trait: characteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive
sperm: haploid male sex cells produced by meiosis
sexual reproduction: pattern of reproduction that involves the production and subsequent fusion of haploid sex cells
recessive: trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
pollination: from male reproductive organs to female reproductive organs of plants, usually within the same species
phenotype: outward appearance of an organism, regardless of its genes
nondisjunction: failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few chromosomes
meiosis: type of cell division where one body cell produces four gametes, each containing half the number of chromosomes as a parent's body cell
law of segregation: Mendelian principle explaining that because each plant has two different alleles, it can produce two different types of gametes. During fertilization, male and female gametes randomly pair to produce four combination of alleles
law of independent assortment: Mendelian principle stating that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
hybrid: offspring formed by parents having different forms of a trait
homozygous: when there are two identical alleles for a trait
homologous chromosome: paired chromosomes with genes for the same traits arranged in the same order
heterozygous: when there are two different alleles for a trait
heredity: passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
haploid: cell with one of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a haploid, or n, number of chromosomes
genotype: combination of genes in an organism
genetics: branch of biology that studies heredity
genetic recombination: major source of genetic variation among organisms caused by reassortment or crossing over during meiosis
gamete: male and female sex cells; sperm and eggs
fertilization: fusion of male and female gametes
egg: haploid female sex cell produced by meiosis
dominant: observed trait of an organism that masks the recessive form of a trait
diploid: cell with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n, number of chromosomes
crossing over: exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids from homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combinations
allele: alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism
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