All terms in this list:

insulation: The act of insulating, or the state of being insulated; detachment from other objects; isolation.

prevalent: 流行 widespread, preferred method

sophisticated: 複雜 ex: As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships nay change.

causal: of, relating to, or being a cause of something; causing ex: As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships nay change.

nay: no.

rite: religious custom

autonomous: Acting on one's own or independently; of a child, acting without being governed by parental or guardian rules.

aesthetic: Concerned with beauty, artistic impact, or appearance. ex: When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially

gradually: In a gradual manner; making slow progress; slowly. ex: thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

efficacious: effective ex: socially efficacious concern

narrator: One who narrates or tell stories. ex: Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

pantomime: A type of entertainment where players act out ideas or express themselves without the use of their voices, sometimes to musical accompaniment.

impersonation: 模擬 ex: Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

imitation: The act of imitating.

antecedents: 來歷 Plural form of antecedent. ex: In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater.

cease: To stop. ex: Why did the theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual?

set forth: To present for consideration; to propose. ex: One, set forth by Arustotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative——as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.

encounter: 遇見, 遭遇 To meet (someone) or find (something) unexpectedly. ex: Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered i

objectify: to treat as something objectively real ex: permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact.

penchant: taste, liking, or inclination (for) ex: But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater.

detach: To take apart from; to take off. ex:

somewhat: To a limited extent or degree. ex: One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems.

comedy: ancient Greece. a light, amusing play with a happy ending ex: For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than a

sufficient: 足夠的 Possessing adequate talents or accomplishments; of competent power or ability; qualified; fit. ex: For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviation

champion: to promote, advocate, or act as a champion for ex: The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

aspiration: The act of aspiring or ardently desiring; an ardent wish or desire, chiefly after what is elevated or spiritual.

delight: joy; pleasure

feasible: Doable, possible, achievable, workable.

mediocre: Ordinarynot extraordinary; not special, exceptional, or great; of medium quality;

device: A project or scheme, often designed to deceive; a stratagem; an artifice.

arduous: Needing or using up much energy; testing powers of endurance.

drains: Plural form of drain.

drain: A conduit allowing liquid to flow out of an otherwise contained volume.

beam: One of the principal horizontal timbers of a building; one of the transverse members of a ship's frame on which the decks are laid - supported at the sides by knees in wooden ships and by stringers in steel ones.

borne: carried, supported.

pollinate: To apply pollen to (a stigma).

vast: Very large or wide (literally or figuratively).

rancher: A person who operates a ranch.

cattle: Certain other livestock, such as sheep, pigs or horses.

inevitable: impossible to avoid or prevent

depletion: the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished

crisis: An unstable situation, in political, social, economic or military affairs, especially one involving an impending abrupt change.

grandiose: large and impressive, in size, scope or extent

succession: An act of following in sequence.

pond: An inland body of standing water, either natural or man-made, that is smaller than a lake.

cumulative: Incorporating all data up to the present.

patchy: Not constant or continuous; intermittent or uneven.

pale: To become pale. To become insignificant.

mule: A generally sterile hybrid offspring of a male donkey and a female horse.

meadow: A field or pasture; a piece of land covered or cultivated with grass, usually intended to be mown for hay; an area of low lying vegetation, especially near a river.

prairie: An extensive area of relatively flat grassland with few, if any, trees, especially in North America.

marshy: Of, or resembling a marsh; boggy.

huckleberry: A small round fruit of a dark blue or red color. The fruit is somewhat smaller than the blueberry which it resembles in look and taste. The fruit grows in small clumps on a bush that typically ranges in height between three and ten feet.

compensation: That which constitutes, or is regarded as, an equivalent; that which makes good the lack or variation of something else; that which compensates for loss or privation; amends; remuneration; recompense.

hibernate: To spend winter time in hibernation.

bushy: 濃密 Like a bush in having many widely spread branches.

bemoan: to complain about; to dismay or worry about something

extermination: The act of exterminating; total destruction; eradication; excision; as, the extermination of inhabitants or tribes, of error or vice, or of weeds from a field.

succulent: juicy or lush

fort: A fortified defensive structure stationed with troops

plight: That which is exposed to risk; that which is plighted or pledged; security; a gage; a pledge.

encroach: to intrude unrightfully on someone else's rights or territory

crude: Being in a natural state.

slab: A large, flat shaped piece of material such as stone, concrete, clay, butter etc..

trap: A machine or other device designed to catch (and sometimes kill) animals, either by holding them in a container, or by catching hold of part of the body.

speared: 被刺

shaft: The long narrow body of a spear or arrow

exaggerate: To overstate, to describe more than is fact.

fertility: the condition, or the degree of being fertile

dismantle: (original sense) To divest, strip of dress or covering

gusher: An oil well that has a natural flow and so no pumping is needed.

hostile: Belonging or appropriate to an enemy; showing the disposition of an enemy; showing ill will and malevolence, or a desire to thwart and injure; occupied by an enemy or enemies; inimical; unfriendly

refinery: A building, or a mass of machinery, used to produce refined products such as sugar, oil, or metals.

deficient: Lacking something essential; often construed with in.

omit: To leave out or exclude. (most common usage)

infer: To surmise or reason from circumstance.

remediation: An action taken to remedy a situation.

phytoremediation: bioremediation by the use of plants

harness: to place a harness on something; to tie up or restrain

grain mills: 穀物輾磨

textile mills: 紡織廠

coal: A black rock formed from prehistoric plant remains, composed largely of carbon and burned as a fuel.

rival: To equal to or surpass another.

accustomed: Familiar through use; usual; customary. Grew accustomed to=became used to

monopoly: An exclusive control over the trade or production of a commodity or service trough exclusive possession.

virtual: In effect or essence, if not in fact or reality; imitated, simulated, substantial.

canal: A waterway used for transportation of vessels, especially a manmade one.

turnpike: (US) A toll road, especially a toll expressway.

hilly terrain: 丘陵地形

laden: Weighed down with a load, burdened.

wagon: A four-wheeled cart for hauling loads, usually pulled by horses or oxen.

railroad: The transportation system comprising such roads and vehicles fitted to travel on the rails, usually with several vehicles connected together in a train.

rudimentary: Basic; minimal; with less than, or only the minimum, necessary.

outcrop: A piece of land that stands out (usually into water) from the land surrounding.

surveyor: A person occupied with surveying -- the process of determining positions on the earth's surface.

infer: To surmise or reason from circumstance.

shale: 頁岩 A fine-grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure.

frontal lobe: one of the four major divisions of the cerebrum of the brain, located behind the forehead.

cerebrum: The upper part of the brain, which is divided into the two cerebral hemispheres. In humans it is the largest part of the brain and is the seat of motor and sensory functions, and the higher mental functions such as consciousness, thought, reason, emotion,

throughout: In every part; everywhere

infantile: Pertaining to infants.

toddler: A quite young human being, typically two to three years old, but can refer to any child that has started walking, up to about four years old, or at the time they have mastered walking.

episode: An incident or action standing out by itself, but more or less connected with a complete series of events.

explicit: very specific, clear, or detailed

disruption: disturbance; An interruption to the regular flow or sequence of something.

novelty: The state of being new or novel; newness.

disdain: A feeling of contempt or scorn.

Horace: Quintus Horatius Flaccus, a poet and philosopher of the Roman Augustan Age. Born 65 BCE in Venusia, died 27 November, 8 BCE in Rome. Horace was a contemporary and friend of Virgil. Although of low birth, Horace was admired by the Emperor Augustus and was

obsession with: fixation on

fostered: encouraged

relic: That which remains; that which is left after loss or decay; a remaining portion.

impetus: incentive; Something that impels, a stimulating factor.

invasion: A military action consisting of armed forces of one geopolitical entity entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of conquering territory or altering the established government.

occasional: limited to certain occasions, oft. used in the sense of "not very often"

porcelain: a hard, white, translucent ceramic that is made by firing kaolin and other materials; china.

status: importance; Prestige or high standing.

evolve: develop; To move in regular procession through a system.

instigate: cause; To goad or urge forward; to set on; to provoke; to incite.

reconstruct: To construct again; to restore.

proxy: An agent or substitute authorized to act for another person.

chaotic: Extremely disorganized or in disarray.

erratic: unsteady, random; prone to unexpected changes; not consistent

rural: pertaining to less-populated, non-urban areas

medieval: of or relating to the Middle Ages, perhaps AD 650 to 1550.

quotation: The act of naming a price; the price that has been quoted.

meager: Poor, deficient or inferior in amount, quality or extent; paltry; scanty; inadequate; unsatisfying.

rye: A grass, Secale cereale, or its grains used for food and fodder. Scientific name: Secale cereale.

erratic: unpredictable; unsteady, random; prone to unexpected changes; not consistent

deliberation: 審議 discussion; Careful discussion and examination of the reasons for and against a measure; as, the deliberations of a legislative body or council.

invoke: To call upon (a person, especially a god) for help, assistance or guidance.

compass: A magnetic or electronic device used to determine the cardinal directions (usually magnetic or true north).

impose on: place on

predator: any animal or other organism that hunts and kills other organisms (their prey), primarily for food

artificial: not real; Man-made; of artifice.

hawk: A diurnal predatory bird of the family Accipitridae.

raccoon: A nocturnal omnivore originally living in Northern America, typically with a mixture of gray, brown, and black fur, a mask-like marking around the eyes and a striped tail, Procyon lotor.

conceal: To hide something from view or from public knowledge, to try to keep something secret.

vulnerable: More or most likely to be exposed to the chance of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally.

vigorously: With intense energy, force or vigor

sibling: A person who shares same parents. One's brother or sister.

stencil: A utensil that contains a perforated sheet through which ink can be forced to create a printed pattern onto a surface.

lit: Lighted.

attend: To be at an event.

conference: A formalized event where scientists present their research results in speeches, workshops, posters or by other means.

overwhelm: To engulf, surge-over and submerge

paradox: contradiction; A self-contradictory statement, which can only be true if it is false, and vice versa.

triumph: A conclusive success following an effort, conflict, or confrontation of obstacles; victory; conquest.

premiere: The first showing of a film, play or other form of entertainment, often held as a special event with celebrity guests.

inadequate: Not adequate; unequal to the purpose; insufficient; deficient; as, inadequate resources, power, conceptions, representations, etc.

strain: To apply a force or forces to by stretching out.

revitalize: To give new life, energy, activity or success to something

obstacle: 障礙物 Something that impedes, stands in the way of, or holds up progress

overshadow: distracted from; To dominate something and make it seem insignificant.

annual: Happening once every year.

vital: Necessary to the continuation of life; being the seat of life; being that on which life depends.

drastically: severely; In a drastic manner. Extremely.

gravel: Small fragments of rock, used for laying on the beds of roads and railroads, and as ballast.

destructive: Causing destruction; damaging.

elaborate: Highly complex, detailed, or sophisticated

endow: providing; To furnish with money or its equivalent, as a permanent fund for support; to make pecuniary provision for; to settle an income upon; especially, to furnish with dower; as, to endow a wife; to endow a public institution.

deviate: 偏離 depart; A person with deviant behaviour; a deviant, degenerate or pervert.

humanness: The property of being human.

sustain: To maintain (something), or keep it in existence.

size up: To evaluate; to estimate or anticipate the magnitude, difficulty, or strength of something.

norm: (the norm) That which is regarded as normal or typical.

practical: Being likely to be effective and applicable to a real situation; able to be put to use

shun: 躲避, 避免 To escape (a threatening evil, an unwelcome task etc).

dispense: 豁免 Cost, expenditure.

ostracize: To exclude someone from society or from a community, by not communicating with or even noticing them, similar to shunning.

shuttle: To go back and forth between two places.

attest: To affirm to be correct, true, or genuine.

deprive: 剝奪 To take something away (and keep it away); deny someone of something.

circadian: of, relating to, or showing rhythmic behaviour with a period of 24 hours; especially of a biological process

subject: To cause (someone or something) to undergo a particular experience, especially one that is unpleasant or unwanted.

duration: An amount of time or a particular time interval

accused: The person charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case.

interpret: To explain or tell the meaning of; to expound; to translate orally into intelligible or familiar language or terms; to decipher; to define; -- applied esp. to language, but also to dreams, signs, conduct, mysteries, etc.; as, to interpret the Hebrew langu

attribute: A characteristic or quality of a thing.

disclaimer: 免責聲明A denial, disavowal, or renunciation, as of a title, claim, interest, estate, or trust; relinquishment or waiver of an interest or estate.

exaggeration: The act of exaggerating; the act of doing or representing in an excessive manner; a going beyond the bounds of truth reason, or justice; a hyperbolical representation; hyperbole; overstatement.

rational: Capable of reasoning.

celebrity: A person who has a high degree of recognition by the general population; a famous person.

conflate: To bring things together and fuse them into a single entity.

perceive: 察覺 To see, to be aware of, to understand.

blend: A mixture of two or more things.

verify: establish the truth of; To substantiate or prove the truth of something

tropical: Of or pertaining to the tropics, the equatorial region between 23 degrees north and 23 degrees south.

hurricane: a wind scale for quite strong wind, stronger than a storm

severe: 嚴重的 Very bad or intense.

karst: A type of land formation, usually with many caves formed through the dissolving of limestone by underground drainage.

vital: Necessary to the continuation of life; being the seat of life; being that on which life depends.

pastoralist: A person involved in pastoralism, whose primary occupation is the raising of livestock

carnivore: Any animal that eats meat as the main part of its diet.

breed: A race or lineage.

labor: Workers in general; the working class, the workforce; sometimes specifically the labor movement, organised labor.

forage: To search for and gather food for animals, particularly cattle and horses.

Eurasia: The largest landmass on Earth, consisting of Europe and Asia.

hereditary: which is passed on as inheritance, by last will or intestate

hierarchy: 階層 Any group of objects ranked so that every one but the topmost is subordinate to a specified one above it.

leak: The entrance or escape of a fluid through a crack, fissure, or other aperture.

platering: 水泥工程

reptilian: reptile

feat: An accomplishment that's relatively rare or difficult.

hatchling: 幼體 A newly hatched bird, reptile or other animal that has emerged from an egg.

immense: huge, gigantic, very large

caravan: A convoy or procession of travelers, their vehicles and cargo, and any pack animals, especially camels crossing a desert.

negotiate: To confer with others in order to come to terms or reach an agreement.

tutelage: 監護 The act of guarding or protecting; guardianship; protection; as, the king's right of seigniory and tutelage.

blur: To smear, stain or smudge.

expedition: The quality of being expedite; efficient promptness; haste; dispatch; speed; quickness; as to carry the mail with expedition.

repudiate: To reject the truth or validity of something; to deny.

rank: position of a person, place, thing, or idea in relation to others based on a shared property such as physical location, population, or quality

ideologically: In an ideological manner; with respect to ideology.

egalitarian: Characterized by social equality and equal rights for all people.

peculiar: Out of the ordinary; odd; curious; unusual.

aristocratic: Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as, an aristocratic constitution.

ethic: a set of principles of right and wrong behaviour guiding, or representative of, a specific culture, society, group, or individual.

circumvent: 規避 to avoid or get around something; to bypass

consensus: General agreement among the members of a given group or community, each of which exercises some discretion in decision-making and follow-up action.

intrinsically: In an intrinsic manner; internally; essentially.

revenue: The total income received from a given source

anomaly: A deviation from a rule or from what is regarded as normal.

interplay: interaction

abolish: To do away with wholly; to annul; to make void; to end a law, system, custom or institution

exceptional: extraordinary; Forming an exception; not ordinary; uncommon; rare.

margin: To add a margin to.

sheer: Pure; unmixed; being only what it seems to be.

immensity: The state of characteristic of being immense.

conquest: 征服 victory gained through combat; the subjugation of an enemy

troop: A small unit of cavalry or armour commanded by a captain, corresponding to a platoon or company of infantry.

province: A territorial area within a country.

assess: 評估 To determine the value of.

rebellion: 暴動, 謀反, 意見不合 Armed resistance to an established government or ruler.

disaffection: Alienation; loss of loyalty.

demand: The desire to purchase goods and services.

advancement: 進步 The act of advancing, or the state of being advanced; progression; improvement; furtherance; promotion to a higher place or dignity; as, the advancement of learning.

auxiliary: 輔助, 附加的 Helping; giving assistance or support.

recruit: A man enlisted for service in the army; a newly enlisted soldier.

frontier: That part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region; the marches; the border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bordering on another country; the border of the settled and cultivated part of a country; as, the frontier

elaboration: 擬定, 發展 The act or process of producing or refining with labor; improvement by successive operations; refinement.

aid: Help assistance; succor, relief.

ample: 充足 plentiful; Large; great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk; spacious; roomy; widely extended.

brusquely: 粗暴的 In a brusque manner; abruptly; rudely.

radically: 根本 In a radical manner. radical : 激進

contention: 爭奪, 論點 struggle, contest, strife, argument, debate

perception: 知覺 Conscious understanding of something.

intently: In an intent or focused manner.

impatiently: without patience

obscura: 暗箱

patent: A specific grant of ownership of a piece of property; a land patent.

authenticity: 真實性 Truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, and intentions.

obsolete: no longer in use; gone into disuse; disused or neglected (often by preference for something newer, which replaces the subject).

privilege: A peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor; a right or immunity not enjoyed by others or by all; special enjoyment of a good, or exemption from an evil or burden; a prerogative; advantage; franchise; preferential treatment.

successor: 繼任者 A person or thing that immediately follows another in holding an office or title.

reluctant: 不情願 Not wanting to take some action; hesitant; uncertain.

compromise: A committal to something derogatory or objectionable; a prejudicial concession; a surrender; as, a compromise of character or right.

plummet: 暴跌 To drop swiftly, in a direct manner; to fall quickly.

specimen: A sample, especially one used for diagnostic analysis.

crust: A more solid, dense or hard layer on a surface or boundary.

exterior: relating to the outside parts or surface of something

constituent: a part, or component of a whole

nebula: A cloud in outer space consisting of gas or dust (e.g. a cloud formed after a star explodes).

chondrite: A meteorite consisting of rock containing chondrules

allusion: 典故 An indirect reference; a hint; a reference to something supposed to be known, but not explicitly mentioned; a covert indication.

enigmatic: Mysterious.

compact: To make more dense; to compress.

perplex: 困擾 To cause to feel baffled; to puzzle.

inclusion: The act of including, i.e. adding or annexing, (something) to a group, set, or total.

deplete: 耗盡 To empty or unload, as the vessels of the human system, by bloodletting or by medicine.

embrace: hug, put arms around

ceramic: A hard brittle material that is produced through burning of nonmetallic minerals at high temperatures

evolve: To move in regular procession through a system.

divide: To split or separate (something) into two or more parts.

delineate: 描繪 To sketch out, draw or trace an outline.

glaze: The vitreous coating of pottery or porcelain; anything used as a coating or color in glazing. See glaze (transitive verb).

instigate: 煽動, 唆使 To goad or urge forward; to set on; to provoke; to incite.

lyrical: 抒情的 Expressive of emotion.

context: the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background or settings which determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event

striking: of that which makes a strong impression

portray: To paint or draw the likeness of.

depict: 描繪 To render a representation of something, using words, sounds, images, or other means.

manifest: 明顯的 Evident to the senses, esp. to the sight; apparent; distinctly perceived; hence, obvious to the understanding; apparent to the mind; easily apprehensible; plain; not obscure or hidden.

pillar: 柱子, 支柱 A large post, often used as supporting architecture.

elevate: 提升 To raise (something) to a higher position; to lift.

elaborate: 鋪述 (v.) 縝密 (adj.) (used with on when used with an object) To give further detail or explanation (about).

accuse: 被告 To charge with having committed a crime or offence.

expense: 花費 A spending or consuming. Often specifically an act of disbursing or spending funds.

aspect: 方面 The relative position of heavenly bodies as they appear to an observer on earth; the angular relationship between points in a horoscope. [from 14th c.]

oriented: 面向 having a specific orientation

tactic: 戰術 A manoeuvre, or action calculated to achieve some end.

appeal: 上訴 To accuse (someone of something).

elevation: 海拔 The act of raising from a lower place, condition, or quality to a higher; -- said of material things, persons, the mind, the voice, etc.; as, the elevation of grain; elevation to a throne; elevation to sainthood; elevation of mind, thoughts, or cha

elaboration: 擬定, 發達, 精巧The act or process of producing or refining with labor; improvement by successive operations; refinement.

prestige: 聲望 The quality of how good the reputation of something or someone is, how favourably something or someone is regarded

steep: 陡峭 Of a near-vertical gradient; of a slope, surface, curve, etc. that proceeds upward at an angle near vertical.

consensus: 共識, 和睦的例子 General agreement among the members of a given group or community, each of which exercises some discretion in decision-making and follow-up action.

repudiate: 否認 To reject the truth or validity of something; to deny.

revise: 修訂 To review, alter and amend, especially of written material

kinship: 親屬 relation or connection by blood, marriage or adoption

aid: 幫助 Help assistance; succor, relief.

guild: 公會 A group of tradespeople made up of merchants, craftspeople, or artisans, particularly in the Middle Ages

blurred: 模糊 Out of focus; partially obscured; smudged.

shepherd: A person who tends sheep.

cement: A powdered substance that develops strong adhesive properties when mixed with water.

assertion: 斷言 The act of asserting, or that which is asserted; positive declaration or averment; affirmation; statement asserted; position advanced.

formally: 正式的 In a formal manner.

literally: 字面上 Word for word; not as an idiom or metaphor.

figuratively: 比喻 Used to indicate that what follows is to be taken as a figure of speech, not literally.

monetary: 貨幣 Of or pertaining to money, or consisting of money.

demand: 需求 The desire to purchase goods and services.

recurrence: 復發, 循環 The instance of recurring; frequent occurrence.

interval: 隔間 A distance in space.

monumental: 紀念碑, 極為龐大的 large, grand and imposing. Fitting to be a monument to someone or something.

postulate: 假設 Something assumed without proof as being self-evident or generally accepted, especially when used as a basis for an argument.

turbulence: 不穩定氣流 Disturbance in a gas or fluid, characterized by evidence of internal motion or unrest.

surpass: 超越 To exceed, especially in a metaphoric or technical manner.

metropolitan: of, or pertaining to, a metropolis or other large urban settlement.

impenetrable: 堅不可摧, 費解的 incomprehensible; inscrutable