All terms in this list:
acid rain: contains quantities of carbonic, nitric and sulfuric acids
atomic (proton) number (Z): the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Avogadro constant (L): 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole
catalytic cracking: occurs when the energy required for bond breaking in hydrocarbons is provided by heat, in the presence of a catalyst
chain isomers: structural isomers that occur when there are two or more ways of arranging the carbon skeleton of a molecule
co-ordinate bond: a covalent bond formed when the pair of electrons originate from one atom
covalent bond: a type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons
cracking: occurs when large alkanes are broken into smaller molecules
displayed formula: shows all the bonds present in a molecule
electronegativity: the power of an atom to attract the shared electrons in a covalent bond
empirical formula: the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
energy levels: the specific values of energy that an electron may have in an atom
enthalpy change (ΔH): the amount of heat energy released or absorbed when a chemical or physical change occurs at constant pressure
enthalpy of fusion: the enthalpy required to change one mole of a solid into a liquid
enthalpy of vapourisation: the enthalpy required to change one mole of a liquid into a gas
first ionisation energy: the enthalpy change for the removal of one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms in the gas phase
functional group: an atom or group of atoms which, when present in different molecules, causes them to have similar chemical properties
functional group isomers: structural group isomers which contain different functional groups
greeenhouse gases: gases in the atmosphere which absorb infra-red radiation (e.g. water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane)
homologous series: a family of organic molecules which all contain the same functional group but have an increasing number of carbon atoms
hydrogen bonding: an intermolecular force between the lone pair on an electronegative atom (N, O or F) and a hydrogen atom bonded to such an electronegative atom
ideal gas: one that obeys the ideal gas equation PV=nRT
ionic bond: the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
ionic crystal: a lattice of positive and negative ions bound together by electrostatic attractions
ion: an atom or group of atoms which has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative charge
isomers: molecules which have the same chemical formula but in which the atoms are arranged differently
isotopes: atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
macromolecular (giant) crystal: a large, covalently-bonded lattice structure
macromolecule: a large molecule
mass number (A): the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of one atom of the element
metallic bonding: electrostatic attraction between metal ions and delocalised electrons
metallic crystal: a lattice of metal ions surrounded by delocalised electrons
molecular formula: the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
neutral atoms: contain an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons
orbitals: volumes in space around the nucleus within which electrons are most likely to to be found
atom economy: a measure of how much of a desired product in a reaction is formed from the reactants
polarity: the displacement of electron density (formation of an electric dipole) in a covalent bond, or in a molecule, due to a difference in electronegativity
position isomers: structural isomers which have the same carbon skeleton and the same functional group but in which the functional group is joined at different places on the carbon skeleton
saturated hydrocarbons: contain carbon-carbon single bonds as well as carbon-hydrogen bonds
square planar: the spatial arrangement of a central atom surrounded by four atoms situated at the corners of a square
stereoisomerism: occurs when molecules with the same structural formula have the bonds arranged differently in space
structural formula: shows the unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified form without showing all the bonds
structural isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures
structural isomerism: occurs when the component atoms are arranged differently in molecules having the same molecular formula
thermal cracking: occurs when the energy required for bond breaking in hydrocarbons is provided by heat alone
relative atomic mass: the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account its naturally occurring isomers, relative to 1/12th the relative atomic mass of an atom of carbon-12
relative molecular mass: the mass of that molecule compared to 1/12th the relative atomic mass of an atom of carbon-12
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