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Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.
The spontaneous movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated.
The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy (often as ATP).
Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, has no effect on the passage of water into and out of the cell.
The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.
A nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme.
The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, with no expenditure of energy.
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.