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- Principles of Chemistry II: Exam III
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atomic radii
The distance from the nucleus of to the boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons. Radius of an atom!
Atomic Density
The number of atoms per unit volume.
Ionization Energy
The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or molecule to infinity
lanthanide contraction
,(physics) the progressive decrease in the radii of atoms of the lanthanide elements as the atomic number increases; evident in various physical properties of the elements and their compounds
paramagnetism
the tendency of magnetic dipoles to align with an external magnetic field; materials that exhibit this tendency become temporary magnets
diamagnetism
a weak form of magnetism that is only observed in the presence of an external magnetic field; due to an induced magnetic field in an opposite direction
ferromagnetism
The phenomenon whereby certain substances can become permanent magnets when subjected to a magnetic field.
antiferromagnetism
a phenomenon, similar to ferromagnetism, in which magnetic domains line up in a regular pattern, but with neighbouring electron spins pointing in opposite directions; materials showing this effect are either ferrimagnetic or diamagnetic, and become parama
ferrimagnetism
a form of antiferromagnetism in which some magnetization remains below a critical temperature (the Neel temperature)
ligand
An ion, molecule, or functional group that binds to another chemical entity to form a larger complex.
coordination number
the number of ligands surrounding a central metal atom in a coordination compound
metal complex
a class of compounds in which a central metal atom (normally a transition element) is surrounded by a group of ions or molecules (ligands)
monodentate
Describing a ligand that has only a single bond with the central atom
bidentate
Of a ligand, forming two separate chemical bonds to a coordinating metal ion.
polydentate
Coordinated to the central atom by several bonds; multidentate
chelating agent
Any compound that reacts with a metal ion to produce a chelate
Oxidizing agent
Any substance that oxidizes, or receives electrons from, another; in so doing, it becomes reduced.
reducing agent
Any substance that reduces, or donates electrons to, another; in so doing, it becomes oxidized.
oxyacid
An acid containing oxygen, as opposed to a hydracid.
hydracid
An acid that does not contain any oxygen as opposed to an oxyacid; they are all binary compounds of hydrogen and a halogen or pseudohalogen.
oxyanion
Any anion derived from an oxyacid
interhalogen
Any binary compound of two different halogens.
metalloid
an element, such as silicon or germanium, intermediate in properties between that of a metal and a nonmetal; especially one that exhibits the external characteristics of a metal, but behaves chemically more as a nonmetal
metal
Any of a number of chemical elements in the periodic table that form a metallic bond with other metal atoms; generally shiny, somewhat malleable and hard, often a conductor of heat and electricity.
nonmetal
an element, such as phosphorus or chlorine, that does not have the chemical or physical properties of a metal
combustion reaction
Hydrogen containing compounds that produce H2O. If it contains carbon it can create CO2, and with N can create N2.
protium
the lightest and most common isotope of hydrogen, having a single proton and no neutrons - 11H
deuterium
An isotope of hydrogen formed of one proton and one neutron in each atom - 21H.