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The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring an input of energy (often as ATP).
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme’s active site in place of the substrate.
Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.
Cellular “drinking”; a type of endocytosis in which the cell takes fluid and dissolved solutes into small membranous vesicles.
The study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter.
An energy-releasing chemical reaction in which the reactants contain more potential energy than the products. The reaction releases an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between the reactants and the products.
Cellular uptake of molecules or particles via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.
A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds
The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of a weak chemical bond); typically a pocket or groove on the enzymes surface.