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All terms in this list:

salinity: A measure of the amount of dissolved salt in water

altitude: Height above sea level

humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air

hydrogen fusion: The process by which the sun produces energy by fusing together hydrogen atoms to produce helium releasing heat in the form of solar radiation

climate zone: A geographic zone of the earth that is classified according to its latitude and prevailing climate

Drainage Basin: A land area where the fresh water is drained to the ocean by a major river and its tributary streams

Reservoir: A natural or manmade area where a large amount of something is stored or reserved

Aqueduct: A system of manmade canals, tunnels, and pipelines that transport freshwater into highly populated areas that do not have enough freshwater

Greenhouse effect: Global warming caused by a buildup of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide that trap solar radiation in the form of heat that is radiated back from the warmed surface of the earth

Precipitation: Water in the form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail that falls from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface

Atmosphere: All of the layers of gas that surround the earth

Hydrosphere: All forms of water found on earth including saltwater and freshwater

Biosphere: All of the earth’s living organisms and the environments they live in

Lithosphere: The hard rocky outer shell of the earth which includes the crust and the solid portion of the upper mantle

Climate: The average weather associated with a region of the earth over a long extended period of time; it is what you expect

Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place; it is what you get

Evaporation: The process of adding heat to change a liquid into a gas

Condensation: The process of removing heat to change a gas into a liquid

Ozone: A gas molecule found in the stratosphere made of three oxygen atoms that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun

Front: The moving boundary line between two separate air masses

Troposphere: The first layer of atmosphere from the earth’s surface up to 16 km above the earth’s surface; referred to as the layer of weather

Stratosphere: The second layer of atmosphere directly above the troposphere extending from 16 km to 50 km above the earth’s surface containing the ozone layer

Mesosphere: The third layer of atmosphere directly above the stratosphere extending from 50 km to 80 km above the earth’s surface

Thermosphere: The fourth layer of atmosphere directly above the mesosphere extending from 80 km to 480 km above the earth’s surface; temperatures reach 1000o C

Air mass: A large section of atmosphere with the same temperature and humidity conditions throughout

Wind cell: Large convection currents in the earth’s atmosphere that move warm moist air from the equator towards the poles while moving cold dry air from the poles towards the equator

Temperature inversion: An abnormal atmospheric condition in which the temperature of the troposphere increases with altitude when a layer of cool air at the earth’s surface is trapped by a layer of warmer above it

Respiration: he biological process of removing oxygen(02) from the atmosphere and releasing carbon dioxide(CO2) back into the atmosphere

Gyre: A closed current system in the oceans that move warm water from the equator to the poles and cold water from the poles to the equator

Rain Shadow: An area of the earth that receives little precipitation due to the effect of a mountain range, that causes the prevailing winds to lose their moisture on the windward side of the mountain, causing the leeward side to be dry and desert like

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Definitions from Wiktionary under the GNU FDL.
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