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Independent Variable: Variable intentionally changed by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable: Variable that is measured. Responds to the Independent Variable.

Control: Separate group in an experiment used for comparison. Helps determine that the results were because of the Independent Variable instead of another factor.

Nucleus: Control center of cell. Holds genetic information (DNA)

Nucleolus: Region in Nucleus that makes ribosomes

Mitochondria: Power House of cell. Responsible for engergy (ATP) production

Chloroplast: Organelle responsible for photosynthesis

Centriole: Aids in cell division

Lysosome: Recycling center. Breaks down old cell parts to be reused in the cell.

Ribosome: Factory of the cell. Makes proteins

Golgi Body: Post office. Modifies, stores, and packages materials in the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Highway of the cell.

Rough has ribosomes and specializes in protein transport.

Smooth has no ribosomes and specializes in lipid transport

Cell Membrane: Bouncer. Controls what goes in and what goes out of cell.

Cell Wall: Rigid outer layer used for protection and structure.

Flagella: Tail-like projection used for movement.

Cilia: Small, Hair-like projections used for movement.

Prokaryote: an organism characterized by the absence of a nuclear membrane and by DNA that is not organized into chromosomes.

Eukaryote: Any of the single-celled or multicellular organisms, of the taxonomic domain Eukaryota, whose cells contain at least one distinct nucleus.

Biosphere: the part of the Earth and its atmosphere capable of supporting life

Biome: any major regional biological community such as that of forest or desert. A collection of similar ecosystems.

Ecosystem: All biotic and abiotic factors in a given area.

Community: Collectively, all populations in a given area.

Population: All the organisms of one species, living in one area

Individual: One organism

Cell: Basic building block of all life. Smallest living level of organization

Organelle: A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process (e.g. ribosomes, vacuoles).

Molecule: A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Atom: Smallest possible unit of a substance.

Ionic Bond: A type of chemical bond where two atoms or molecules are connected to each other by electrostatic attraction.

Covalent Bond: A type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons.

polar: Electrons in a bond are shared unequally, creating a partial charge.

Nonpolar: Electrons shared equally.

Adhesion: The ability of a substance to stick to an unlike substance.

Cohesion: Similar substances sticking together

Reactant: any of the participants present at the start of a chemical reaction

Product: Chemicals created by a chemical reaction.

Carbohydrate: A sugar, starch, or cellulose that is a food source of energy for an animal or plant; a saccharide.

Monosaccharide: A simple sugar such as glucose, fructose or deoxyribose that has a single ring. The monomer for Carbohydrates.

Lipid: Any of a group of organic compounds including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides. Lipids are characterized by being insoluble in water, and account for most of the fat present in the human body. They are, however, soluble in nonpolar organi

Triglyceride: A lipid, an ester of glycerol and three fatty acids (the same or different); the major constituent of animal and vegetable fats. Monomer for Lipids

Nucleic Acid: Any acidic, chainlike biological macromolecule consisting of multiply repeat units of phosphoric acid, sugar and purine and pyrimidine bases; they are involved in the preservation, replication and expression of hereditary information in every living cell

Protein: A large, complex molecule composed of one or more long chains of amino acids, in which each chain is held together by peptide bonds.

Amino Acid: Any organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group. Monomer for protein

Enzyme: A globular protein that catalyses a biological chemical reaction.

Cation: A positively charged ion; -- opposed to anion.

Anion: An negatively charged ion -- opposed to cation.

pH Scale: A scale of from 1-14 that measures how acidic or basic a chemical is.

Acid: A chemical that releases H+ into solution.

Base: A chemical that releases in OH- in solution.

Vacuole: A large membrane-bound vesicle in a cell's cytoplasm.

Integral Protein: Protein that is embedded in a cell membrane. Begins on one side and goes all the way through to the other.

Peripheral Protein: Protein embedded in cell membrane. Only on one side.

Glycoprotein: A protein with covalently bonded carbohydrates

Phospholipid: Phosphate head attached to two fatty acid tails. Make up cell membranes.

Glycolipid: A phospholipid attached to one or more carbohydrate chains.

Cholesterol: A lipid that "wedges" itself between the fatty acid tails of Phospholipids. Helps cell membrane maintain fluidity.

Passive Transport: Transport of cellular materials that does not require energy.

Active Transport: Transport of cellular materials that does require energy.

Osmosis: The movement of water across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion: A molecules natural tendency to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Hypotonic: Less solute

Hypertonic: More Solute

Isotonic: Same solute

Photosynthesis: The process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts.

ATP: adenosine triphosphate. Energy molecule for the cell

ADP: adenosine diphosphate

Light Dependent Reaction: Plants take in sunlight and water to produce NADPH, ATP, and oxygen gas

Calvin Cycle: Process that uses ATP, NADPH, and Carbon dioxide to produce sugar, NADP+ and ADP

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