All terms in this list:

Civil liberties: the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community, esp. with regard to freedom of action and speech

Due Process Clause: The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution

Incorporation: consolidating two or more things

Cruel and Unusual Punishment: punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed

Establishment Clause: the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress

Free Exercise Clause: the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution

Separationist: an advocate of secession or separation from a larger group

accommodationist: a person who seeks compromise with an opposing point of view, typically a political one

Lemon Test: That a government action violates the Establishment Clause of the United States' constitution if it lacks a secular purpose, has its primary effect as promoting or inhibiting religion, or fosters an excessive entanglement of government with religion

Strict scrutiny: is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts

Clear and present danger test: was a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press or assembly

Political speech: relates to government matters as opposed to the affairs of an individual or organization

Commercial speech: speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the intent of making a profit

Symbolic speech: a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it

Prior restraint: judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful

Defamation: the action of damaging the good reputation of someone; slander or libel

Reporter’s privilege: in the United States, is a "reporter's protection under constitutional or statutory law, from being compelled to testify about confidential information or sources

Press shield laws: laws, based on the First Amendment guarantee of Freedom of the Press

Exclusionary rule: a law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial

Warrant: a document issued by a legal or government official authorizing the police or some other body to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out some other action relating to the administration of justice

Double jeopardy: the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense

Compelled self-incrimination: being compelled to make self-incriminating statements

Speedy and public trial: refers to a criminal proceeding that takes a short period to be resolved

Trial by jury: a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact, which are then applied by a judge

Bench trial: a trial by judge as opposed to a trial by jury

Plea bargaining: an arrangement between a prosecutor and a defendant whereby the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge in the expectation of leniency

Capital punishment: the legally authorized killing of someone as punishment for a crime

Right to privacy: right to be free of unsanctioned intrusion