All terms in this list:
Civil Liberties: the state of being subject only to laws established for the good of the community, esp. with regard to freedom of action and speech.
Due Process Clause: Fifth Amendment, ratified in 1791, asserts that no person shall "be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.
Incorporation: The act of incorporating, or the state of being incorporated.
Cruel and Unusual Punishment: punishment prohibited by the 8th amendment to the U.S. Constitution; includes torture or degradation or punishment too severe for the crime committed
Establishment Clause: the clause in the First Amendment of the US Constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion by Congress.
Free Exercise Clause: the freedom to exercise or perform any religion
Separationist: an advocate of secession or separation from a larger group (such as an established church or a national union)
Accomodationist: a person who seeks compromise with an opposing point of view, typically a political one.
Lemon Test: refers to the process of determining as to when a law has the effect of establishing religion
Strict Scrutiny: A standard of Judicial Review for a challenged policy in which the court presumes the policy to be invalid
Clear and Present Danger Test: a standard for judging when freedom of speech can be abridged
Political Speech: a speech which relates to government matters as opposed to the affairs of an individual or organization
Commercial Speech: speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the intent of making a profit
Symbolic Speech: An action that consists of no writing or speaking, but still expresses an opinion. Examples of symbolic speech are marching in a parade, or burning a flag, or burning a draft card.
Prior Restraint: judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful
Defamation: Act of injuring another's reputation by any slanderous communication, written or oral; the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of another; slander; detraction; calumny; aspersion.
Reporter's Privilege: a reporter's protection under constitutional or statutory law, from being compelled to testify about confidential information or sources
Press Shield Laws: is a law that gives reporters protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state court
Exclusionary Rule: A doctrine which requires that evidence obtained as the result of an illegal act on the part of law enforcement personnel (such as a warrantless search, or continued questioning a witness who has invoked the right of counsel) must therefore be excluded fr
Warrant: Authorization or certification; sanction, as given by a superior.
Doubled Self-Incrimination: providing for due process of law, forbidding double jeopardy
Speedy and Public Trial: any citizen has the right to a speedy and public trial by jury
Trial by Jury: legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact, which are then applied by a judge
Bench Trial: A trial by judge as opposed to a trial by jury.
Plea Bargaining: The process of negotiating a verdict and sentence without a complete trial.
Capital Punishment: punishment by death
Right to Privacy: every citizen has a right to privcacy
Double Jeopardy: the prosecution of a person twice for the same offense
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