All terms in this list:

Civil Liberties: one's freedom to exercise one's rights as guaranteed under the laws of the country.

Due Process Clause: gov. duty to follow fair procedures set by law when carrying out gov. functions

Incorporation: The union of different ingredients in one mass; mixture; combination; synthesis.

Cruel and Unusual Punishment: not fastened to the absolute but may acquire meaning as public opinion becomes enlightened by humane justice

Establishment Clause: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion

Free Exercise Clause: Congress shall make no law…prohibiting the free exercise of religion

Separationist: A person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender.

accommodationist: someone who tries to compromise with an opposition or accommodates his own stance to fit another's

Lemon Test: Have a secular, or nonreligious, purpose, neither advance nor limit religion, not result in excessive government involvement with religion

Strict Scrutiny: Strict scrutiny is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts

Clear and Present Danger Test: a standard for judging when freedom of speech can be abridged

Political Speech: Expressions which comment on government action rather than the private conduct of an individual.

Commercial Speech: speech done on behalf of a company or individual for the intent of making a profit

Symbolic Speech: An action that consists of no writing or speaking, but still expresses an opinion. Examples of symbolic speech are marching in a parade, or burning a flag, or burning a draft card.

Prior Restraint: stopping someone from expressing an idea or providing info

Defamation: Act of injuring another's reputation by any slanderous communication, written or oral; the wrong of maliciously injuring the good name of another; slander; detraction; calumny; aspersion.

Reporter's Privilege: reporter's protection under constitutional or statutory law, from being compelled to testify about confidential information or sources

Press Shield Laws: some states passed laws that allow reporters to protect the identity of their sources from state courts

Exclusionary Rule: A doctrine which requires that evidence obtained as the result of an illegal act on the part of law enforcement personnel (such as a warrantless search, or continued questioning a witness who has invoked the right of counsel) must therefore be excluded fr

Warrant: Authorization or certification; sanction, as given by a superior.

Double Jeopardy: If a person is found innocent in a case they can not be charged again on the same case.

Compelled Self-Incrimination: An accused person cannot be forced to proved evidence to support a criminal charge against himself of herself

Speedy and Public Trial: The time period between the filing of formal charges and the start of a trial must be reasonable

Trial by Jury: Petitioned Jury decides cases of the district

Bench Trial: A trial by judge as opposed to a trial by jury.

Plea Bargaining: The process of negotiating a verdict and sentence without a complete trial.

Capital Punishment: punishment by death

Right to Privacy: The government cannot violate the privacy of its citizens without proper warrants and means.