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All terms in this list:

precedent: An act in the past which may be used as an example to help decide the outcome of similar instances in the future.

brief: Of short duration or distance.

jurisdiction: the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law

concurring opinion: An opinion which follows the outcome of the majority of the court, but might arrive there in a differing manner.

strict constructionists: is a legal term typically applied to a form of exacting judicial interpretation.

loose constructionists: is where you can do something if the Constitution doesn't specifically say that you can't do it.

district courts: A state of federal trial court.

court of appeals: A court to which appeals are taken in a federal circuit or a state.

dissenting opinion: an opinion that disagrees with the court's disposition of the case

majority opinion: the opinion joined by a majority of the court (generally known simply as `the opinion')

oral arguments: are spoken presentations to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer (or parties when representing themselves) of the legal reasons why they should prevail

landmark decision: is the outcome of a legal case (often thus referred to as a landmark case) that establishes a precedent that either substantially changes the interpretation of the law or that simply establishes new case law on a particular issue.

Senatorial courtesy: is an unwritten political custom in the United States whereby the president consults the senior U.S. Senator of his political party of a given state before nominating any person to a federal vacancy within that Senator's state.

expressed powers: the expressed powers of the legislative branch.

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Definitions from Wiktionary under the GNU FDL.
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