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Battle of Marengo: -June 14, 1800 -in the Po River Valley -Napoleon took back northern Italy from Sanfedisti

Concordat: -July 15, 1801 -Pius VII: French Republic official French government;dioceses would conform to departments boundaries (newly set up Revolutionary divisions);French Church Property not restored

Organic Articles: -February 1802 -Napoleon issued this code of ecclesiastical law -restriction on Church: Bishops stuck in dioceses; state controlled seminaries; religious marriage not valid without civil certificate

New World: Napoleon gave up because of men contracting yellow fever and getting ambushed and granted island of Haiti independence -sold Louisiana Territory to United States at a bargain

Battle of Trafalgar: -Oct. 21, 1805 -off Cape Trafalgar -Admiral Nelson and British won; French lost -significance: end of France's sea power and played a crucial part in Napoleon's ultimate defeat; ended Emperor Napoleon's dream of conquering England

Battle of Austerlitz: -Dec.3,1805 -Russia/Tsar Alexander & Austria/HolyRoman Emperor FrancisII lost -sig:French got more Austrian territory & set up Confederation of the Rhine; Francis II forced to lay down crown of Holy Roman Emperor, became Francis I ofAustria

state school (University of France): founded to weaken tradition and Church's influence; and indoctrinate children so that they agreed with the Revolution and Napoleon's influence

Continental Blockade: -Nov. 21, 1806 -Berlin -Napoleon decreed and forbade countries under his domination to trade with England -Pius VII refused to go along with it

kidnap: -July 5, 1809 -Pius VII taken by Napoleon's soldiers -soldiers did not know where to put pope because no town wanted the responsibility of being the Pope's jail

Siege of Zaragoza: -Zaragozans lost -French devastated that untrained men,women,and children withstood world's best troops (hurt French morale- boost Spanish) -Spaniards kept up rebellion by guerrilla warfare:Napoleon lost:nearly 4 years-100 average daily

Andreas Hofer: -peasant innkeeper like father -Austrian Tyrol region rejected Napoleon's leadership -motivating in Battle of Berg Isel (Aug. 13-14) & took over government of the Tyrol after

Viscount Wellington of Talavera: -former Sir Arthur Wellesley -thought of Lines of Torres Vedres (impregnable defensive lines, destroyed immediate crops and supplies, and fortified) in Portugal causing by March 5, 1811 casualties of 25,000 French and 4,000 British in 5 months

Battle of Vitoria: -June 21, 1813 -Spain won; France lost -significance: Spain belonged to the Spanish once again

Russia: -Russian armies practiced "scorched earth policy" to escape;French starved -Napoleon arrived at Moscow:virtually deserted; Alexander I had it evacuated and burned

Battle of Nations: -Leipzig- Oct. 1813: Austrian, Russian, and Prussian armies combined and defeated untrained French -Wellington marched to southern France and Allies captured Paris on March 31, 1814 -Napoleon given island of Elba near Corsica and escaped

Hundred Days: Napoleon's short rule

Vendee: -Napoleon dispatched 10,000 troops to put down Vendee rebellion "for Church and Crown". -significance: Napoleon would miss these troops on June 18 (Battle of Waterloo)

Battle of Waterloo: -June 18, 1815 -leaders who won: Blucher (Prussia) and Wellington (England)

Congress of Vienna: -restored Louis XVIII to the throne of France (Talleyrand a minister); Fixed Netherlands and Switzerland boundaries; settled Italian disputes; formed German states into a loose federation under the control of Austria

Prince Clemens Metternich: -European traditional leader for 40 years -prime minister of the Hapsburg Empire

Congress Diplomacy: heads of government or their representatives would meet to discuss controversies rather than trying settle them on the battlefield

balance of power: means that no one nation could become stronger than others and thereby be tempted to go to war against its neighbors

Carlist Wars: since:in Spain,revolutionaries & absolutists came together to defeat traditionalists' cause-3wars-end:Carlist movement collapsed &Carlos VII left Spain in1876 leaving liberals in control;Spain committed to liberalism,led to many sufferings in 20thcentury

Concordat - French: -July 15, 1801 - French government:Napoleon nominated bishops:pope approved;gave some papal lands back;government payed priests;guaranteed freedom of worship;Catholic Church recognized as religion of majority (not official) in France

Andreas Hofer- aftermath: later betrayed while hiding (after losing third Battle of Berg Isel);taken to Mantua;brought to court; by Napoleon's orders, shot before sentence given

Russia- hardships on return: Kutusov(Russian general genius)harassed & attacked French (who suffered huge losses);froze without preparations(thought war would end earlier:no winter clothing);had trouble crossing half-frozen Berezina River -few thousand left back in Poland on Dec. 14

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