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- Blood and Circulation
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blood
It transports:
Oxygen from the lungs all other parts of the body.
-Carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs.
-Nutrients from all parts of the body to the lungs.
-Urea from the liver to the kidneys.
Single Circulatory System
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange system organ and then directly to the rest of the body.
Double Circulatory System
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart and then to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood is circulated through the lungs where it is oxygenated.
Systematic Circulation
Blood is circulated through all parts of the body, where it unloads its oxygen.
Blood Vessels
Carry blood around the body.
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart and towards other organs.
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart and away from other organs.
Capillaries
Carry blood through organs.
Systole
Rhythmic contraction of a chamber of the heart.
Diastole
The relaxation and dilation of the heart chambers, between contractions, during which they fill with blood.
watch-pocket valve
Valves which prevent the backflow of blood inside veins.
Arterioles
Small arteries, similar in structure to the larger ones, but have a high proportion of muscle fibres in their walls. They carry blood into organs from arteries.
Plasma
It carries dissolved nutrients, blood cells, hormones, carbon dioxide and urea, also distributes heat around the body.
red blood cells
Biconcave disc-like cells with no nucleus. Contain haemoglobin, which loads oxygen in the lungs and unloads it in other parts of the body.
lymphocytes
Same size as red blood cells but have a large spherical nucleus. Produce antibodies to destroy microorganisms.
phagocytes
Large cell with a large spherical or lobed nucleus which engulf bacteria and other microorganisms.
platelets
Small cells which are fragments of other cells that release chemicals to make blood clot in open wounds.
erythrocytes
Red blood cells.
Surface Area to Volume ratio
It can be written as:
surface area/volume
Cardiac Muscle
It moves blood by a series of contractions and relaxations of its chambers.
Heart Rate
The number of heart beats per unit of time, usually expressed as beats per minute. Normally 70 times a minute.
It increases with exercise, stress, and the secretion of adrenaline.
It decreases when we sleep.
Medulla
Part of the brain which controls heart rate, detecting the nerve impulses sent by the aorta and the carotid artery.
Accelerator Nerve
Increases the heart rate, causes the heart to beat with more force and increases blood pressure.
Decelerator Nerve
Decreases heart rate, reduces force of the contractions, and causes blood pressure to return to normal.
Tricuspid Valve
A heart valve with three cusps which prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
Pulmonary Vein
Vein which returns the blood to the heart after it has circulated through the lungs.
Pulmonary Artery
The artery that connects the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs, and carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
Vena Cava
Vein that takes oxygen depleted blood away from the organs and returns it to the right atrium of the heart.
Mitral Valve
Bicuspid valve that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
Aorta
The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system.
Cardiac Centre
Region of the medulla that controls heart functions.